Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant consequence after a behavior with the intention of making that behavior less likely.

Negative Punishment

Removing access to something the dog values after a behavior with the intention of making that behavior less likely.

The accumulated pattern of outcomes that has strengthened or weakened a behavior over time.

The pattern that determines when reinforcement is delivered, such as every response or occasional responses.

Shaping teaches a behavior by reinforcing small, achievable steps that gradually move toward the final goal.

Luring uses food, a toy, or another target to guide a dog into a position or movement.

Capturing means reinforcing a behavior the dog naturally offers without being prompted.

Any consequence that increases the likelihood a behavior will happen again.

Adding something the dog values after a behavior so that behavior becomes more likely in the future.

Removing or reducing something unpleasant after a behavior so that behavior becomes more likely.